On October 3, Roberts took the judicial oath provided for by the Judiciary Act of 1789, prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term.

Roberts took the constitutional oath of office, administered by senior Associate Justice John Paul Stevens (who was the acting Chief Justice during the vacancy) at the White House, on September 29, 2005, almost immediately after his confirmation. President Bush quickly withdrew the initial nomination and resubmitted it as a nomination for Chief Justice this second Roberts nomination was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005, by a 78–22 vote. However, before the Senate could act upon the nomination, Chief Justice William Rehnquist died. Bush as associate justice to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor, who had announced her retirement, effective with the confirmation of her successor. Roberts was originally nominated by President George W. Since Ginsburg's death and Stephen Breyer's retirement, the Court has been generally regarded as split three to four ways ideologically, with Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Ketanji Brown Jackson comprising a liberal wing Roberts comprising a centrist conservative wing willing to work with the liberals and reluctant to overturn established precedent Kavanaugh and Barrett comprising a generally conservative wing often reluctant to overreach even when ruling in a conservative manner and Alito, Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch comprising a hardline conservative wing generally willing to overrule precedent. This is due to the retirement of moderate Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony Kennedy, the death of liberal Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and the confirmation of conservative Justices Samuel Alito, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett in their places, respectively. It is generally considered to be more conservative than the preceding Rehnquist Court, and the most conservative court since the Vinson Court of the 1940s and early 1950s. The Roberts Court is the time since 2005 during which the Supreme Court of the United States has been led by John Roberts as Chief Justice.

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